China Human Rights Briefing April 15-30, 2008

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China Human Rights Briefing

Reporting human rights development from the grassroots

April 15-30, 2008

Highlights

  • Land rights: At least one died and hundreds were injured when thousands of villagers clashed with local authorities over forced land seizures in Yunnan, Hainan and Hubei Provinces. The clashes were the direct result of disrespect of the rights to property, to freedom of expression and to political participation. China must take human rights seriously as it pursues economic development.

  • Olympics: In preparation for the Olympic Games, Beijing removed the remaining “nail households” from future sites of Olympic venues. As the capital tightened security, the AIDS organization Aizhixing Institute had to adopt “emergency measures” to protect its staff from increased police harassment.

  • Tibet Autonomous Region: 30 Tibetans were sentenced in Lhasa on April 29 following allegedly unfair trials. Meanwhile, a group of mostly Beijing-based lawyers have been threatened with punishment for offering free legal assistance to the arrested Tibetans.


Table of Contents

Freedom of Expression

Hubei Rights Activist’s Blog Blocked

Right to Freedom of Association and Assembly

Shandong Villagers Stage Three-Day Protest for Proper Compensation

Violent Clashes in Ethnic Minority Areas in Yunnan and Hainan Provinces

Right to Vote

Election Procedures Violated in Guangdong Village

Right to Fair Trial

Thirty Tibetans Sentenced for “Riots”

Lawyers Threatened and Interrogated for Offering Legal Assistance to Arrested Tibetans

Beijing Lawyers Face Tightened Control Following Legal Assistance Offer to Tibetans

Harassment and Persecution of Rights Activist

Henan AIDS Activists Li Xige and Miaojue Cizhi Summoned by Police

Jail Sentence Upheld for Writer/Activist Lu Gengsong

Beijing Activist Ni Yulan Arrested for Resisting Forced Demolition

Democracy Activist Interrogated for Hours about Olympics and Human Rights

Hu Jia to Be Transferred to Prison

Persecution of Petitioners

Teacher Representative Sent to Re-education through Labor for Collective Petitioning

Dismissed Soldiers Detained for Petitioning

Court Hears Lawsuit against Police for Alleged Torture and Murder of Petitioner

Hubei Petitioner Wang Guilan Detained in “Black Jail”

Beijing Police Intercept and Detain Dozens of Wuhan Petitioners

Zheng Mingfang, Petitioner and Activist, Sent to Re-education through Labor

Right to Adequate Housing

Villager Detained during Forced Eviction to Make Way for Olympics Venues

Hundred Lose Homes Following Surprise Midnight Eviction

Farmland Bulldozed by Stealth

Workers Rights

100 Retired Workers Demonstrate in Heilongjiang Province

Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment

Rights Activist Li Zhengxiang Assaulted by Unidentified Men

Citizens Rights Action

Beijing Professor Calls for Human Rights Improvement Prior to Games

Beijing Activist Protests Discrimination against Hepatitis B Carriers

Olympics Watch

AIDS Organization Faces Heightened Police Harassment Prior to Olympics

Beijing Has Installed 260,000 Security Cameras; More Will Follow

Policy Watch

Supreme Court: Death Penalty Depends on Public Opinion

Henan Courts to Increase Transparency


Freedom of Expression

Hubei Rights Activist’s Blog Blocked

Since April 21, authorities have blocked the blog of Peng Yongsheng (彭永胜), a rights activist and volunteer at Citizens’ Rights and Livelihood Watch. Peng, from Wuhan City, Hubei Province, was not notified about the blockade, but he suspected that his blog posts with information about forced evictions in Wuhan might have led the city’s police to block the blog. (CRLW)[i]

Right to Freedom of Association and Assembly

Shandong Villagers Stage Three-Day Protest for Proper Compensation

Between April 14 and 16, about a thousand villagers facing forced eviction from Xinglong Village, Linqu County, Shandong Province, protested in front of the county government building. The villagers are dissatisfied with the government’s compensation and resettlement plan and requested to meet with the head of the county. After failing to receive a response from the government, the villagers entered the building and were blocked by dozens of police and security guards. Two women, one of them in her seventies, were taken away by police. (CRLW)[ii]

Violent Clashes in Ethnic Minority Areas in Yunnan and Hainan Provinces

On April 21, police fired on a group of about a hundred villagers who resisted land appropriation by a mining company in Saixi Village, Mengdong Township, Malipo County, Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province. At least one villager (Chen Changfa 陈昌发), an ethnic Miao, was killed. Five other villagers were shot and critically injured, and more than twenty were beaten and injured.

In a separate incident, police clashed with about 6,000 villagers, mostly members of the ethnic Li minority, in three villages in Hainan Province between April 9 and 13. Villagers were protesting against the local government’s confiscation of about 100,000 mu of farmland to build golf courses without sufficient compensation. Police fired teargas and injured about 300 villagers. (CHRD)[iii]

Right to Vote

Election Procedures Violated in Guangdong Village

Between April 13 and 14, election procedures were violated in a village committee election in Taishi Village, Panyu District, Guangdong City in Guangdong Province. No candidates were nominated for the election, in violation of the procedures, and villagers were only given blank ballots on which to write names of their committee members. In addition, the local government set up checkpoints at main roads to interrogate anyone who entered the village. (CHRD)[iv]

Right to Fair Trial

Thirty Tibetans Sentenced for “Riots”

On April 29, Lhasa Intermediate People’s Court sentenced thirty Tibetans to between three years and life for participating in the “riots” in the Tibetan regions in mid-March. The thirty Tibetans were convicted of “arson”, “robbery”, “creating trouble”, “gathering crowds to attack state organs”, “obstructing public duty” and “theft”. Although the sentencing hearing was attended by about 300 Lhasa citizens, there is no evidence that the trial(s) was opened to the public. On May 2, CHRD learned from families that the sentenced Tibetans had no lawyers of their choosing and were allegedly tortured and forced to confess. (Xinhua, CHRD)[v]

Lawyers Threatened and Interrogated for Offering Legal Assistance to Arrested Tibetans

Since April 2, when it became known that a group of lawyers was offering free legal aid to arrested Tibetans following incidents in the Tibetan regions in mid-March, authorities have summoned and threatened all twenty-one lawyers who participated in the initiative. The lawyers were made to admit wrongdoing and to promise not to continue their involvement in the issue. Many of the lawyers were placed under police surveillance and the renewal of their licenses (usually completed by the end of May for Beijing lawyers) was put on hold by the Beijing Bureau of Judicial Affairs. The Bureau also told several law firms, where some of the “problematic” lawyers are employed, that renewal of the firms’ licenses was also suspended. (CHRD)[vi]

Beijing Lawyers Face Tightened Control Following Legal Assistance Offer to Tibetans

On April 14, the Beijing Municipal Lawyers Association issued a notice outlining eight guidelines regarding lawyers who work in “sensitive and collective cases”. When dealing with these cases, the notice says, lawyers must report to the Lawyers Association and “coordinate and communicate” with the relevant authorities. Lawyers should “protect socialism” and work to “promote harmony and stability”. It is believed that the notice was issued in response to a group of Beijing-based lawyers who offered legal assistance to arrested Tibetans following the incidents around Tibet in March. (CHRD)[vii]

Harassment and Persecution of Rights Activist

Henan AIDS Activists Li Xige and Miaojue Cizhi Summoned by Police

In the early hours of May 1, a dozen police barged into the home of Henan AIDS activist, Li Xige (李喜阁), and took away Li and fellow AIDS activist, Miaojue Cizhi (妙觉慈智), for interrogation. The two have not yet been released. Li and Miaojue are currently being held at the Chengguan Township Public Security Bureau (PSB), Ningling County, Henan Province. It is believed that the two activists were taken away in relation to their public call for a hunger strike to protest the recent imprisonment of Hu Jia (胡佳), a fellow AIDS activist and human rights defender. (CHRD)[viii]

Jail Sentence Upheld for Writer/Activist Lu Gengsong

In a closed trial on April 14, the Zhejiang Provincial High Court rejected the appeal of Lu Gengsong (吕耿松), a Hangzhou-based freelance writer and activist. Lu was convicted of “inciting subversion of state power” and sentenced to four years in prison and one year of political rights deprivation on February 5. Lu said he is going to file a complaint to the Supreme People’s Court. (CHRD)[ix]

Beijing Activist Ni Yulan Arrested for Resisting Forced Demolition

On April 29, Ni Yulan (倪玉兰), a Beijing-based housing rights activist and former lawyer, was formally arrested on suspicion of “obstructing official business” by the Beijing Public Security Bureau (PSB) Xicheng District Sub-division. She is currently held at the Beijing Xicheng District Detention Center. On April 15, dozens of workers and police knocked down a wall of Ni’s home. Ni tried to stop them. Police detained Li, alleging that she beat a member of the demolition crew. (CHRD)[x]

Democracy Activist Interrogated for Hours about Olympics and Human Rights

On April 17, democracy activist, Tao Jun (陶君), was taken away and interrogated for seven hours by National Security police under Guangzhou Public Security Bureau (PSB). Police presented no identification nor warrant and brought him to an unknown location. Tao was interrogated about the China Democracy Party and the Olympics. Police threatened Tao with arrest and said they would be in touch “in a few days”. (CRLW)[xi]

Hu Jia to Be Transferred to Prison

On April 21, authorities notified lawyers of imprisoned human rights defender, Hu Jia (胡佳), that the Beijing Detention Center (where Hu is being held) has been ordered to transfer Hu to the prison. It is unclear whether Hu has been transferred. On April 24, Hu’s lawyers submitted his application for release on medical grounds to the Beijing Detention Center. They will submit the application to the prison authorities once Hu has been transferred, which the lawyers expected would occur in early May. Hu’s wife, Zeng Jinyan (曾金燕), tried to visit Hu on April 29 at the detention center, but was told that Hu was not allowed any visits. (CHRD)

Persecution of Petitioners

Teacher Representative Sent to Re-education through Labor for Collective Petitioning

On April 18, Jiang Hailiang (姜海亮), a representative of teachers from communityrun (minban) schools, was sent to one year of Re-education through Labor (RTL) by Luoyang City RTL Management Committee. Jiang was punished for “gathering over a thousand teachers…to illegally gather and demonstrate, and seriously disturb the local social order”. The “illegal” demonstration occurred on November 5, 2007, when about 2,000 teachers collectively petitioned at the Yichuan County Letters and Visits Bureau. According to other teacher representatives, authorities punished Jiang to send a warning signal to other Henan teachers who have persisted in petitioning for better treatment in recent years. (CRLW)[xii]

Dismissed Soldiers Detained for Petitioning

On April 22, thirteen dismissed soldiers petitioning at Central Military Commission were taken away and detained for five hours at Yangfangdian Police Station, Beijing. These soldiers were petitioning about better treatment under the government scheme for dismissed soldiers, junzhuan ganbu (军转干部). (CRLW)[xiii]

Court Hears Lawsuit against Police for Alleged Torture and Murder of Petitioner

On April 22, Beijing (Xuanwu District) Intermediate People’s Court heard a case alleging torture and brought by Duan Chunfang (段春芳) against police at Dazhalan Police Station under Xuanwu District. Duan Chunfang was the sister of Shanghai petitioner, Duan Huimin (段惠民), who died in early January 2007 immediately after being released from police custody, where he had allegedly been tortured and denied treatment. The court will announce its verdict at a later date.

Between seven- and eight-hundred petitioners went to the court that morning. Shanghai police and interceptors waited in front of the court and seized about a hundred Shanghai petitioners and took them away in a bus. At one point, petitioners were beaten by interceptors. After she left the court and parted with her lawyer, Duan Chunfang was also caught and detained at a Custody Center by Shanghai interceptors. (CHRD)[xiv]

Hubei Petitioner Wang Guilan Detained in “Black Jail”

On April 17, on the pretext of “checking identification cards”, Beijing police took away petitioner and rights activist, Wang Guilan (王桂兰), from Enshi City, Hubei Province while she was walking on the street. Beijing police handed Wang to interceptors from Enshi City. Wang was escorted back to Enshi, where she and a fellow petitioner, Tan Jinghua (谭京花), are being held at an isolated “black jail” near Wangcheng Village, Xiaoduchuan Street Office. Authorities threatened to detain Wang and Tan until after the Olympics. (CHRD)[xv]

Beijing Police Intercept and Detain Dozens of Wuhan Petitioners

Around April 14, about thirty petitioners from Hanyang and Wuchang Districts, Wuhan City in Hubei Province, were intercepted by Beijing police. The petitioners were petitioning about forced demolition and land appropriation near Tiananmen Square when police took them away. Some petitioners are being forcibly sent back to Wuhan while a dozen others are still detained at Henan Beijing Liaison Office. (CRLW)[xvi]

Zheng Mingfang, Petitioner and Activist, Sent to Re-education through Labor

CHRD learned on April 20 that Zheng Mingfang (郑明芳), petitioner turned activist from Ji County, Tianjin, has been secretly sent to Re-education through Labor (RTL) for two years. Zheng was taken from her home on February 29 by Tianjin police. Her family has not received any formal (written or verbal) detention order and their requests to meet Zheng have been repeatedly denied by police. Zheng’s family obtained the information about the RTL decision through a detainee released from the camp where Zheng is being held. (CHRD)[xvii]

Right to Adequate Housing

Villager Detained during Forced Eviction to Make Way for Olympics Venues

On April 17, Wang Lianmin (王连民), resident of Yangshan Village which lies at the heart of the Olympics Village, was taken into custody by police for resisting forced eviction and demolition of his home to make way for the Olympics main venues. Wang was photographing and filming the demolition when police roughly handled him, pushed him to the ground, took his camera, and took him away for detention. (CHRD)[xviii]

With Wang’s home forcibly demolished, two “nail households” remain in Yangshan Village. On April 23, half a dozen officers from the local Legislative Affairs Office visited and threatened Sun Yonglian (孙永梁) and Su Xiangyu (苏向宇) with forced eviction and detention if they did not move voluntarily. Sun said he had stored cans of petrol and gas ready to “resist” the forced eviction. Wang’s, Sun’s, Su’s and others’ have become known as “nail households”, those who have refused to abandon their homes citing insufficient compensation and unfair settlement by the government. (CRLW)[xix]

Hundred Lose Homes Following Surprise Midnight Eviction

In the early hours of April 6, about a hundred residents from twenty-three households were forcibly evicted from their homes behind the People’s Mall at the center of Jinan City, Shandong Province. The residents, who had not agreed to the terms of demolition, were sleeping when a thousand-strong demolition crew sent by the Jinan government arrived. Residents were dragged out of their homes, and some (including women, children and elderly) were kicked and beaten. Their valuables were destroyed in the process because they did not have time to remove them before the demolition work started. (CHRD)[xx]

Farmland Bulldozed by Stealth

On April 20, several dozen security guards, goons and officials from the local village committee cleared vegetable fields with three bulldozers to make way for a highway in Qianjiang City, Hubei Province. The village committee chose to work on a Sunday hoping that the farmers, most of whom were away selling their produce, would not be able to resist the forced appropriation. Still, a dozen villagers attempted to stop the clearing. Villagers called the police, who looked on without intervening, as the goons beat the farmers. At least one villager is still receiving treatment at the hospital. The farmers have refused to give up the farms, complaining they are being offered compensation far below the market rate. (CHRD)[xxi]

Workers Rights

100 Retired Workers Demonstrate in Heilongjiang Province

On April 21, about a hundred retired workers from a turbine factory in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province demonstrated on the streets for better pension and retirement benefits. The workers alleged that they have had difficulties making ends meet because the factory has failed to provide adequate pension and benefits in compliance with the relevant central government policies. They had reported the problem to the factory and the relevant government authorities, and failing to resolve the issue, they decided to take to the streets. (CHRD)[xxii]

Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman and Degrading Treatment

Rights Activist Li Zhengxiang Assaulted by Unidentified Men

Around 1 p.m. on April 19, rights activist, Li Zhengxiang (李正祥), was beaten by half a dozen unidentified men around the Qintai area, Hanyang District, Wuhan City in Hubei Province. Li sustained a number of injuries to his ribcage. Li is a former factory worker and a civil rights activist who has helped fellow citizens to file lawsuits against the Public Security Bureau, the Procuratorate and companies for alleged rights violations. (CHRD)[xxiii]

Citizens Rights Action

Beijing Professor Calls for Human Rights Improvement Prior to Games

A professor at Beijing Institute of Technology, Hu Xingdou (胡星斗), issued a public letter on April 19 calling on China to “abolish the RTL system, grant amnesties and ratify the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” prior to the Olympic Games in response to the West’s criticism of its rights records. (Hu Xingdou)[xxiv]

Beijing Activist Protests Discrimination against Hepatitis B Carriers

On April 29, Lu Jun (陆军), activist and editor of a Hepatitis B online discussion forum, filed a complaint to city and provincial authorities about a job advertisement in Yangzhou Evening Post placed by Yangzhou City Health Bureau in Jiangsu Province. Lu alleges that the advertisement, which states that the job is only open to non-carriers of Hepatitis B, is blatant discrimination against individuals with the virus. (Gandan Xiangzhao)[xxv]

Olympics Watch

AIDS Organization Faces Heightened Police Harassment Prior to Olympics

On April 16, Beijing Aizhixing Institute, one of China’s most prominent AIDS organizations, released a notice citing increased police harassment of its director, staff and clients in recent months as Beijing steps up “security” measures in preparation for the Olympics. In response to escalating police interference, the Institute has established emergency measures to protect its staff prior to the Games and will temporarily cease some or all of its work during the Games. (Aizhixing)[xxvi]

Beijing Has Installed 260,000 Security Cameras; More Will Follow

According to a Beijing News article dated April 18, Beijing authorities have installed 260,000 new security cameras in the capital in the past year. As the Olympics approach, more cameras will be installed. (BeijingNews)[xxvii]

Policy Watch

Supreme Court: Death Penalty Depends on Public Opinion

On April 11, the head of the Supreme Court, Wang Shengjun (王胜俊), said that whether or not to condemn a criminal to death depends on three factors: the stipulations of the law, the overall public security situation, and the “feeling of the society and the masses.” (Xinhua)[xxviii]

Henan Courts to Increase Transparency

On April 22, head of the Henan High Court, Zhang Liyong (张立勇), said “the Province’s courts at all three levels” will make information about cases for public hearing, such as reasons for the case, names of the parties in the case, and the processes of the case, available and easily accessible on bulletin boards and other public platforms. Enquiry windows will also be installed in the courts so that parties to the case can seek more information about the processing of the case. Henan citizens will be able to attend the public hearings by presenting their ID cards. (sina.com)[xxix]

Editor: Wang Songlian


[i] CRLW, “Hubei Wuhan Rights Activist Peng Yongsheng’s Blog Blocked <湖北省武汉市维权人士彭永胜遭遇封网>,” April 22, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200804/20080422172720_8464.html

[ii] CRLW, “Hundreds of Households Stage Three-Day Protest in Shandong Linqu; Two Arrested <山东临朐百名拆迁户连续三天请愿示威 二人被抓走>,” April 16, 2008, /Article/Class53/200804/20080416233813_8405.html

[iii] CHRD, “Violent Clashes in Ethnic Minority Areas in Yunnan and Hainan Provinces,” April 22, 2008, /Article/Class9/Class15/200804/20080422164200_8461.html

[iv] CHRD, “Election under White Terror <白色恐怖下的选举>,” April 14, 2008, /Article/Class55/200804/20080414231045_8382.html

[v] The Beijing News, “30 Sentenced for Lhasa Incident <拉萨事件30被告人获刑>,” April 30, 2008, http://www.thebeijingnews.com/news/guonei/2008/04-30/011@073711.htm; CHRD, “Tibetans Sentenced without Fair Trial; Lawyers Offering Aid Face Punishment”, May 2, 2008, /Article/Class9/Class15/200805/20080502162343_8542.html

[vi] CHRD, “Tibetans Sentenced without Fair Trial; Lawyers Offering Aid Face Punishment”, May 2, 2008, /Article/Class9/Class15/200805/20080502162343_8542.html

[vii] CHRD, “To Prohibit Lawyers From Participating in Defending Tibetans, Beijing Issues Regulations Strengthening the Management of Lawyers <为制止律师参与西藏事件辩护,北京出规加强律师接案管理>,” April 20, 2008, /Article/Class53/200804/20080420233444_8441.html

[viii] CHRD, “Henan AIDS Activists Li Xige and Miaojue Cizhi Summoned by Police”, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class9/Class10/200805/20080501173828_8534.html

[ix] CHRD, “Jail Sentence Upheld for Writer/Activist Lu Gengsong,” April 21, 2008, /Article/Class9/Class15/200804/20080421184359_8445.html

[x] CHRD, “Beijing Activist Ni Yulan Arrested for Resisting Forced Demolition,” May 2, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class9/Class10/200805/20080502222626_8543.html

[xi] CRLW, “Dissident Tao Jun Summoned for Seven Hours Before Release <异议人士陶君被传唤七个小时后获释>,” April 18, 2008, /Article/Class53/200804/20080418194943_8429.html

[xii] CRLW, “First Henan Teacher from Community-Run Schools Sent to Re-education through Labor <河南省首位民办教师因上访被劳动教养>,” April 29, 2008, /Article/Class53/200804/20080429155000_8521.html

[xiii] CRLW, “13 Dismissed Soldiers Taken Away in Military Vehicle for Petitioning at Central Military Commission <十三名退伍军人中央军委上访被押上军车>,”April 22, 2008, /Article/fmzj/200804/20080422172514_8462.html

[xiv] CHRD, “Beijing Court Convenes to Hear the Case of Shanghai Petitioner Duan Huimin <上海访民段惠民被违法移交案在北京法院开庭>,” April 22, 2008, /Article/Class18/Class76/200804/20080422212250_8465.html

[xv] CHRD, “Hubei Petitioner Wang Guilan Sent Home Again <湖北访民王桂兰再次被抓押回乡>,” April 20, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/fmzj/200804/20080420204512_8439.html

[xvi] CRLW, “Wuhan Letters and Visits Conference Ended; Dozens of Petitioners Intercepted for Petitioning in Beijing <武汉信访会议结束 数十位进京访民遭截访>,” April 17, 2008, /Article/Class53/200804/20080417114220_8415.html

[xvii] CHRD, “Zheng Mingfang, Petitioner and Activist, Sent to Re-education through Labor ,” April 20, 2008, /Article/Class9/Class10/200804/20080421192119_8448.html

[xviii] CHRD, “Villager Detained during Forced Eviction to Make Way for Olympics Venues,” /Article/Class9/Class15/200804/20080421191227_8447.html

[xix] CRLW, “Olympics ‘Nail Households’ Threatened and Sealed Off, Sun Yonglian Stores Petrol to Resist Forced Eviction <奥运钉子户遭封锁恐吓 孙永梁贮汽油抵抗强拆>,” April 23, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200804/20080423160157_8471.html

[xx] CHRD, “About a Hundred Lost Home Due to Jinan Violent Demolition <济南暴力拆迁致上百人流离失所>,” April 17, 2008, /Article/Class53/200804/20080417212835_8418.html

[xxi] CHRD, “Do Hubei Qianjiang Police Protect the Assailants? <湖北潜江警方是保护暴徒的?>” April 22, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200804/20080422162337_8460.html

[xxii] CHRD, “Retired Workers at Harbin Turbine Factory Protest <哈尔滨市汽轮机厂内退职工走上街头抗议>,” April 21, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class71/200804/20080421214500_8449.html

[xxiii] CHRD, “Wuhan Rights Defender Li Zhengxiang Assaulted by Criminals <武汉维权人士李正祥遭歹徒袭击>,” April 19, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200804/20080419230539_8434.html

[xxiv] Hu Xingdou, “A Suggestion to the CCP Central Committee: Respond to the West’s Human Rights Criticism by Building with Determination a Country with the Rule of Law <给中共中央的建议:以建设法治国家的决心回应西方对中国人权的指责>,” http://www.huxingdou.com.cn/xizang.htm

[xxv] Gandan Xiangzhao, “Public Health Worker Lu Jun Reports that Jiangsu Yangzhou Health Bureau Illegally Discriminate against Hepatitis B Carriers <公共卫生工作者陆军检举江苏省扬州市卫生局公开违法歧视乙肝携带者>”, April 29, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200805/20080502230858_8546.html

[xxvi] Aizhixing, “Notice Regarding Aizhixing Institute’s Emergency Measures during the Olympics <爱知行研究所关于建立奥运会应急机制的通告>”, April 16, 2008, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200804/20080417002010_8406.html

[xxvii] Beijing News, “Security Cameras All Need to be Signposted <监控探头均须挂牌上岗>,” April 18, 2008, http://www.thebeijingnews.com/news/beijing/2008/04-18/015@073245.htm

[xxviii] Xinhua, “Head of Supreme Court Wang Shengjun: Feeling of the Masses One of the Determinants for Death Penalties <最高法院长王胜俊:群众感觉应作为是否判死刑依据之一>,” April 11, 2008, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2008-04/11/content_7956341.htm

[xxix] Sina.com, “Henan Citizens Could Attend Court Hearings with ID Cards <河南市民凭身份证可旁听法院审案>,” April 23, 2008, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/l/2008-04-23/033215409721.shtml

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