China Human Rights Briefing March 16-22, 2010
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China Human Rights Briefing
March 16-22, 2010
Highlights
- Surprising those who were expecting a verdict to be issued, the Mawei District Court in Fuzhou sent the case against rights activists Fan Yanqiong (范燕琼), Wu Huaying (吴华英), and You Jingyou (游精佑) back to the procuratorate for “further evidence” on March 19 following a one-minute hearing. Fan, Wu, and You have been charged with “making false accusations” for posting articles online alleging that local officials have improperly handled the suspicious death of Yan Xiaoling (严晓玲). They were originally tried in November 2009.
- CHRD learned this week of the case of a 25 year-old man from Hunan surnamed Deng who died in police custody in early February. On February 2, Deng was arrested in Guangzhou on suspicion of robbery, and two days later died suddenly. His family believes his death was a result of beatings in detention. Deng’s case is the latest in a string of similar incidents over the past year which have brought renewed focus to the issue of torture and violence in China’s detention facililties.
- On March 17, China Economic Daily reporter Wang Keqin (王克勤) published an investigative report detailing how mishandled vaccines had sickened, killed, or disabled dozens of children in Shanxi Province between 2005 and 2007. As local officials have scrambled to provide damage control, Wang continued to call for more families affected by the vaccines to step forward. On March 22, CHRD released a statement on the situation, calling for an independent investigation by medical experts, scholars and the media, compensation for families, and legal accountability for any officials found to be involved in the scandal. For the full text, in Chinese, please click here.
Contents
Arbitrary Detention. 3
- No Verdict against Fujian Activists; Court Asks Prosecutors for “Further Evidence”. 3
- New Hearing Set for Next Friday in Case against Changsha Activist Xie Fulin and Brother. 3
- Case against Liu Zhengyou and Hu Yulan Sent Back to PSB for Further Investigation. 4
- No Trial Yet for Children’s Rights Activist Zhao Lianhai 4
- Shaanxi Workers’ Representatives Administratively Detained for Petitioning. 4
Freedom of Assembly. 5
- Hong Kong Activists Plead Not Guilty to Charges Stemming from Liu Xiaobo Protest. 5
Freedom of Association. 5
- Officials Crack Down on Sunshine Charity, Petitioners’ Welfare Group. 5
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment. 6
- Critically Ill Dissident Plans for Hunger Strike over Lack of Medical Care in Prison. 6
- Robbery Suspect in Guangzhou Dies in Detention Center. 6
Forced Eviction and Demolition. 6
- Victims of Forced Eviction Suffer Repeated Arson Attacks. 6
- House and Farm Demolished While Owner Shen Peilan Detained in Black Jail 7
- Local Party Secretary Directs Thugs to Attack Villagers during Dispute over Land Expropriation. 7
Harassment of Activists. 7
- Whistleblower in Shanxi Vaccine Scandal Receives Threatening Text Messages. 7
Citizens’ Actions. 8
- Reporter Who Exposed Shanxi Vaccine Scandal Calls for Witnesses. 8
- Farmers, Workers, and Teachers Join Together to Protest in Hubei 8
Law and Policy Watch. 8
- Guangzhou Federation of Trade Unions Submits Proposal on Collective Bargaining. 8
- QQ Groups, Microblogs, Text Messages to Fall under Scope of Police Supervision. 9
- China’s Urban and Rural Residents to Get Equal Representation in Lawmaking Bodies
Arbitrary Detention
No Verdict against Fujian Activists; Court Asks Prosecutors for “Further Evidence”
In a hearing lasting one minute, the Mawei District Court in Fuzhou, Fujian, sent the case against rights activists Fan Yanqiong (范燕琼), Wu Huaying (吴华英), and You Jingyou (游精佑) back to the procuratorate for “further evidence” on March 19. Fan, Wu, and You have been charged with “making false accusations” for posting articles online alleging that local officials have improperly handled the suspicious death of Yan Xiaoling (严晓玲).
Fan, who has been seriously ill in recent weeks, did not appear in court. According to Fan’s daughter, lawyer Lin Zhong (林忠) was present outside the courthouse but prevented from attending the hearing. Lin Xiuying (林秀英), mother of Yan Xiaoling, was barred from entering the courtroom, where she had hoped to testify. Police outside the courthouse confiscated material she had brought regarding the case as well as personal items. Police began gathering in large numbers early in the morning, and there were reports of officers confiscating banners and roughly handling supporters to prevent them from taking photographs. Photographs from the scene are available here and here. (CHRD)[i]
In an interview following the trial, lawyer Liu Xiaoyuan (刘晓原) called the proceedings “a joke” and a “waste of resources,” stating that the notice sent to him before the hearing had indicated that the court would announce a verdict today.[ii] While it is unclear what the delay means for the activists, some hope that it suggests higher-level officials are paying notice to the public outcry surrounding the prosecution. In the short term, however, the three will remain in detention until the local Political-Legal Committee decides how to proceed with their case.
New Hearing Set for Next Friday in Case against Changsha Activist Xie Fulin and Brother
CHRD learned on March 19 that a new hearing in the trial of Xie Fulin (谢福林) will be held next Friday, March 26, in Changsha, Hunan’s Furong District Court. Xie and his brother Xie Shulin (谢树林) have been accused of “stealing electricity,” though this charge is believed to have been devised by the authorities to punish Xie Fulin for his rights activism. At their first hearing, on January 14, 2010, the presiding judge approved a request from Xie’s lawyer Ma Gangquan (马纲权) that the case be sent back for further investigation. Xie, a human rights defender, has participated in activities with the Pan-Blue Alliance of Chinese Nationalists, a largely online virtual group that supports the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) and whose members have been persecuted in recent years. (CHRD)[iii]
Case against Liu Zhengyou and Hu Yulan Sent Back to PSB for Further Investigation
CHRD learned on March 19 that the case against Sichuan activists Liu Zhengyou (刘正有) and Hu Yulan (胡玉兰) was sent back to the Zigong City Public Security Bureau on March 16 for supplementary investigation. Their case, which was transferred to the procuratorate in January, was due to be transferred from the procuratorate to the courts for prosecution on March 17. Liu and Hu, who are husband and wife, were formally arrested on suspicion of “fraud” on December 7, 2009. It is believed that the charges against the two are groundless, and are being used as a pretext by police seeking to retaliate against Liu and Hu for their rights-defense activities. In the past few years, the couple has helped victims of land loss and forced eviction fight for their rights. (CHRD)[iv]
No Trial Yet for Children’s Rights Activist Zhao Lianhai
According to a March 22 statement by Li Xuemei (李雪梅), wife of detained Beijing children’s rights activist Zhao Lianhai (赵连海), court officials cancelled plans to hold a closed hearing against her husband for “creating disturbances” on March 17. While the court has yet to announce a new date for the trial, Zhao’s lawyers have begun compiling witnesses and experts to testify on his behalf, and will soon make public Zhao’s not guilty plea. Zhao is the founder of Kidney Stone Babies (结石宝宝), a website dedicated to advocating for families whose children became ill after drinking tainted milk powder. He was detained in November 2009 and formally arrested on December 17, 2009. (CHRD)[v]
Shaanxi Workers’ Representatives Administratively Detained for Petitioning
CHRD learned on March 22 that four workers’ representatives from Yulin, Shaanxi were administratively detained for one week after being seized in Beijing earlier this month. The four—Zhang Chengxiang (张成祥), Niu Enkuan (牛恩宽), Jiang Shiye (蒋士业), and Li Xiulian (李秀莲)—were picked up along with 14 other petitioners on March 13 and forcibly returned to Yuhe Town, outside of Yulin. Upon arriving home, the representatives were detained for “gathering a crowd to petition” during the annual meetings of the National People’s Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. They were released on March 20. The workers had been petitioning regarding problems with the Yulin Motor Vehicle Transport Company’s transition from a state-owned enterprise to a private enterprise. (CHRD)[vi]
Freedom of Assembly
Hong Kong Activists Plead Not Guilty to Charges Stemming from Liu Xiaobo Protest
On March 18, a preliminary hearing was held for the six Hong Kong protestors arrested last week and charged with “unlawful assembly” for taking part in a protest against Liu Xiaobo’s sentencing. The six—Leung Kwok-hung (梁国雄), Leung Kwok-wah (梁国华), Lee Yiu-kee (李耀基), Lee Cheuk-yan (李卓人), Tsoi Yiu-cheong (蔡耀昌), and Koo Sze-yiu (古思尧)—all pled not guilty, and the court announced the next session of the trial would be held on April 22. Around 70 protestors gathered outside of the Eastern District Courthouse in Hong Kong in support of the activists. Hong Kong Alliance chairman Szeto Wah (司徒华), who attended the rally, railed against the “political persecution” of the six, who were arrested nearly three months after their peaceful demonstration on December 25, 2009. (CHRD)[vii]
Freedom of Association
Officials Crack Down on Sunshine Charity, Petitioners’ Welfare Group
The crackdown on Sunshine Charity, a group dedicated to supporting petitioners in Beijing, brings into focus two of the most pressing human rights issues of the moment: the abuse and mistreatment of petitioners and the suppression of citizens’ attempts to form independent organizations. It is hard to imagine a group more beneficial to the community and innocuous to the government than Sunshine Charity, which is run by volunteers and provides food and aid to homeless petitioners in Beijing. And yet, in recent weeks, Beijing officials have detained and harassed a number of its volunteers and its organizer, Liu Anjun (刘安军).
Harassment continued once volunteers returned to their hometowns after they were seized in Beijing in recent days: Li Jinliang (李金良), a handicapped petitioner and volunteer with Sunshine Charity from Baogongmiao Township, Henan, reported on March 17 that he was beaten by policemen who forcibly returned him to Henan. At the time of writing, Li was receiving treatment for an ear injury at a local hospital. Li was seized on March 12 while handing out food to petitioners outside of Beijing’s South Train Station.[viii] On March 16, police interrogated and searched the home of Shang Juanxia (商娟霞) in Henan, warning her not to participate in future activities with Sunshine Charity or return to Beijing.
On March 17, Liu Anjun returned home after 20 days of “forced tourism.” Liu had arrived in Beijing on March 13 but was held on the outskirts of town and questioned by police for four days before being set free. According to Liu, he was questioned extensively about Sunshine Charity’s finances and organization.[ix]
Two Sunshine Charity volunteers—Shi Dalei (史大磊), of Tianjin, and Huang Jianchun (黄健春), of Beijing—who were detained earlier this week have been released as of March 17. 史大磊被抄家The whereabouts of two other detained volunteers remained unclear: as of the time of writing, Zhu Yingying (朱莹莺) of Shanxi has not returned home, and CHRD has not received any updates regarding Liu Fengqin (刘凤琴). (CHRD)[x]
Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane, and Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Critically Ill Dissident Plans for Hunger Strike over Lack of Medical Care in Prison
CHRD learned on March 22 that imprisoned dissident Yang Tianshui (杨天水), who has been critically ill for months, plans to begin a hunger strike at the beginning of April. In a conversation with his daughter and niece last month at Nanjing Prison, he stated that he had not received adequate treatment since his health began to rapidly decline last October, and he worries that, without proper care, he will not live to see the end of his sentence. Yang, a longtime dissident and author of numerous political essays, suffers from tuberculosis, diabetes, kidney inflammation, and high blood pressure. He has been given some basic treatment by prison doctors recently but has not been allowed to seek specialized treatment outside of the facilities as his condition has worsened. He is currently serving a 12-year prison sentence for “inciting subversion of state power.” (CHRD)[xi]
Robbery Suspect in Guangzhou Dies in Detention Center
A 25-year old man from Hunan surnamed Deng died in police custody in early February, joining a growing list of similar high-profile cases in the last year. On February 2, Deng was arrested in Guangzhou on suspicion of robbery, and on February 5 his family received a notice from police stating he had died from organ failure caused by late-stage leukemia. His family, however, believes he died as a result of beatings in detention. According to police, Deng was arrested after scaling a building to commit a robbery; medical experts have questioned how someone physically fit enough to commit this alleged crime could suddenly die just days later from massive organ failure. (CHRD)[xii]
Forced Eviction and Demolition
Victims of Forced Eviction Suffer Repeated Arson Attacks
A shack erected by Wei Lanyu (魏兰玉) and her husband Liang Yongkui (梁永奎) has been burned down twice in the past two months by individuals believed to be employed by developers in Linyi City, Shandong. Liang and Wei’s home was originally demolished in October 2007 by the Linyi City Government, who the homeowners claim did not follow proper procedures. However, the Lixia District Court in Jinan City ruled that Liang still possessed land-use rights to the land on which his home previously stood, so he and his wife erected a temporary shack on the premises. On the evening of January 18, and again on the morning of March 11, unidentified individuals set fire to Wei and Liang’s shack; in both instances, police refused to take action against those responsible. (CHRD)[xiii]
House and Farm Demolished While Owner Shen Peilan Detained in Black Jail
On the afternoon of March 16, Shanghai petitioner Shen Peilan (沈佩兰) returned home after eight days in detention in a Shanghai black jail during the annual “Two Meetings.”[xiv] Upon arrival, however, she discovered that her house and fish farm had been razed to the ground. Shen’s house, which was rented out to tenants, was destroyed earlier that morning by officials from the Minhang District PSB and the Maqiao Town Government in Shanghai. Shen reports that no one in her family had signed a demolition agreement or been given a formal notification informing them that the demolition was to take place on March 16. (CHRD)[xv]
Local Party Secretary Directs Thugs to Attack Villagers during Dispute over Land Expropriation
CHRD learned on March 13 that a number of villagers in Shanzhai Village, outside of Bijie City, Guizhou Province, were attacked and injured by hired thugs while they resisted the forced expropriation of village land on February 1. In May 2009, without prior consultation with the villagers, local officials leased all of the village farmland to an investment company to build a fireworks factory. After the deal was made, officials then forced the villagers to sign documents stating that they had received compensation and threatened with “troubles” if they did not comply. The villagers were shocked when they learned of the details of the deal a few days later—that the land had been leased for 40 years. The villagers believed that they were not offered proper compensation. When the villagers discovered that construction was beginning on February 1, they rushed to stop the workers. One of the victims accused Duipo Town Party Secretary Deng Pingju (邓平举) of ordering the thugs to attack the villagers. Ms. Li Chaofei (李朝飞) was seriously injured in the attack and later detained by local police. (CHRD)[xvi]
Harassment of Activists
Whistleblower in Shanxi Vaccine Scandal Receives Threatening Text Messages
On March 20, Chen Taoan (陈涛安), a whistleblower in the Shanxi vaccine scandal, received text messages threatening violence in retaliation if Chen continued to expose details of the scandal. Several parents of children who were affected by contaminated vaccines reported receiving similar messages. According to Chen, the text messages did not indicate the sender’s address and could have originated from a computer. Chen was formerly the communications manager in charge of promoting disease prevention at Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, but was removed from office in July 2005. On March 17, 2010, China Economic Daily reporter Wang Keqin (王克勤) reported that dozens of children had died or were left disabled between 2005 and 2007 after being inoculated with vaccines which had been exposed to high temperatures. Prior to Wang’s reports, Chen and a number of other whistleblowers had repeatedly been prevented from exposing the problem by the Shanxi Department of Health. (CHRD)[xvii]
Citizens’ Actions
Reporter Who Exposed Shanxi Vaccine Scandal Calls for Witnesses
On March 17, China Economic Daily reporter Wang Keqin (王克勤) published an investigative report detailing how mishandled vaccines had sickened, killed, or disabled dozens of children in Shanxi Province. Reportedly, the Shanxi Department of Health not only neglected to investigate the case after repeated warnings but tried prevent Wang and other whistleblowers from exposing the case. On March 20, Wang posted an article on his blog (http://wangkeqin.blog.sohu.com/), in which he publicized the names of some of the victims and called for more witnesses to step forward. The case has already been widely circulated and has drawn considerable attention both domestically and internationally. (CHRD)[xviii]
On March 22, CHRD released a statement on the Shanxi Vaccine Scandal, calling for an independent investigation by medical experts, scholars and the media, compensation for families, and legal accountability for any officials found to be involved in the scandal. For the full text, in Chinese, please click here.
Farmers, Workers, and Teachers Join Together to Protest in Hubei
On the morning of March 22, a crowd of teachers, workers, and farmers gathered outside of the Xiantao, Hubei government offices, for a demonstration lasting approximately one hour. The crowd, which was estimated at around 2,000 protestors, carried signs calling for officials to “respect the law” and “implement Party policies” regarding wages, pensions, compensation for expropriated land, and other similar issues. While each of the three groups presented different demands, they all joined forces to protest together. Police blocked the protestors from entering through the gates of the government compound, but there were no reports of violence or protestors being detained. (CHRD)[xix]
Law and Policy Watch
Guangzhou Federation of Trade Unions Submits Proposal on Collective Bargaining
According to a March 18 Xinhua report, the Guangzhou City Federation of Trade Unions has drafted regulations for collective bargaining related to labor issues, and has submitted their ideas to the Guangzhou People’s Congress for inclusion in their legislative agenda. The proposed regulations call for at least one round of negotiations between employers and professional unions per year with regard to workers’ wages. The resolutions also designate local unions to act on behalf of workers in the case of labor disputes, so that the workers themselves will not be responsible for negotiations with their employers. The Department of Labor will act as an arbitrator in the case of disputes between employers and the union under these proposed regulations, as well as in cases where workers are not part of a union. Workers’ representatives are protected from retaliation by employers, as firing or docking the pay of workers’ representatives for taking part in collective bargaining would be outlawed under the regulations. (Xinhua)[xx]
So long as workers in Guangzhou and elsewhere are prevented from forming autonomous unions, there is little hope that they will be able to benefit from the protections outlined in these proposed regulations. The Guangzhou City Federation of Trade Unions, like all other local unions, is under the umbrella of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU). ACFTU ensures that all officially-sanctioned unions are subject to control by the CCP, and so it is the authorities, rather than the workers, whose interests are being protected. In that sense, asking the Department of Labor to arbitrate between unions and employers is redundant, as union leaders would never act in a way politically unacceptable to higher authorities.
QQ Groups, Microblogs, Text Messages to Fall under Scope of Police Supervision
According to a March 19 report in the Chongqing Evening News, the Chongqing Political-Legal Committee has disclosed that QQ groups, microblogs, and cell phone text messages will all subject to a new monitoring scheme carried out by local police. The police monitoring scheme will also require users to register with their real names when logging on to the internet to use these services. Specific details about how the plan will be carried out are still forthcoming, as is the date on which this plan is set to be implemented. (Chongqing Evening News)[xxi]
While the authorities have pushed for real-name registration for internet users of various services over the past year, this is the first time the regulations are being applied to microblogs and QQ groups, two of the most popular forms of online communication in China. However, the failure of a similar effort to implement real-name registration in Hangzhou in May 2009 due to widespread non-compliance by internet service providers (ISPs) might mean that the scheme will also be resisted and then abandoned in Chongqing. The idea that police are monitoring citizens’ communications is also not new; however, the ability of police and government officials to openly acknowledge and promote this practice, despite the egregious violations of citizens’ constitutional rights to freedom of expression and privacy which it represents, is cause for concern.
China’s Urban and Rural Residents to Get Equal Representation in Lawmaking Bodies
The Xinhua News Agency reported on March 14 that the during the third session of the 11th National People’s Congress (NPC), the NPC passed an amendment to the electoral law that will grant equal representation to urban and rural residents in China. The number of delegates from each province, autonomous region, and municipality will correspond directly to that jurisdiction’s population. Previously, rural delegates represent four times as many citizens as their urban counterparts. (Xinhua)[xxii]
While equal representation in the NPC delegate election represents a step forward for citizens’ right to elect their leaders, more than equal representation is needed to make elections in China truly fair. China has a long way to go in order to make sure that the NPC delegates indeed represent their voters and are not merely props and rubber stamps of those in power.
Editors: Jenn Ling, David Smalls and Lin Sang
*** CHRD’s Human Rights Yearbook 2009 is now available. For a free copy, please contact us with your mailing address at crdnetwork@gmail.com. ***
Thrown Out: Human Rights Abuses in China’s Breakneck Real Estate Development
[i] “Fuzhou Court Hearing Lasts One Minute, Witnesses and Supporters Beaten” (福州法院一分钟开庭、殴打证人与声援者), March 19, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class18/fanyanqiong/201003/20100319103617_20522.html
[ii] “Liu Xiaoyuan Expresses Opinions on the Case of Three Fuzhou Netizens Outside of Courthouse” (福州三网民庭审现场 刘晓原律师发表看法), March 19, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100319110958_20523.html
[iii] “Trial of Xie Fulin to Open Next Friday” (谢 福林案下周五重新开庭), March 19, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class18/xiefulin/201003/20100319122328_20526.html
[iv] “‘Fraud’ Case against Liu Zhengyou Sent Back for Supplementary Investigation” (刘正有涉嫌诈骗案退回补充侦查), March 19, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class18/liuzhengyou/201003/20100319114100_20524.html
[v] “Trends in the Case of Kidney Stone Babies’ Father Zhao Lianhai” (结石宝宝之父赵连海案情动向), March 22, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100322193105_20592.html
[vi] “Yulin Workers’ Representatives Forcibly Returned, Detained for Petitioning Outside of Zhongnanhai” (到中南海上访之榆 林工人代表被押回拘留), March 22, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/fmzj/201003/20100322102942_20580.html
[vii] “Fifth Group of Signatories to Statement by Chinese Citizens in Support of Hong Kong Human Rights Activists” (中国公民声援香港维权人士第五批签名名单), March 18, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class71/201003/20100318204047_20514.html
[viii] “Sunshine Charity Volunteer Li Jinliang Beaten after Forced Return” (阳光公益义工李金良被抓回后打伤), March 17, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100317174801_20499.html
[ix] “Beijing ‘Sunshine Charity’ Organizer Liu Anjun Released, Returns Home (北京“阳光公益”负责人刘安军获释回家), March 17, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100317161046_20498.html
[x] “Latest Updates on Detained Sunshine Charity Volunteers” (阳光公益被抓走义工最新情况), March 17, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100317094003_20495.html
[xi] “In Prison, Yang Tianshui Loses Hope, Prepares for Hunger Strike” (狱中杨天水因绝望而准备绝食), March 22, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class18/Class23/201003/20100322103819_20581.html
[xii] “Robbery Suspect in Guangzhou Died in Detention Center 广州在押人员在看守所 死亡,” March 20, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100320095837_20545.html
[xiii] “Arson in Two Violent Linyi City Forced Evictions” (临沂市两起暴力拆迁中的放火事件), March 17, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100318093949_20505.html
[xiv] The Two Meetings refer to the sessions of the National People’s Congress and the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference.
[xv] “Shen Peilan Released, Returns Home to Destruction ahead of World Expo” (沈佩兰被解救回家，却遭遇世博前的掠夺), March 16, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100317005125_20494.html
[xvi] “Violent Land Expropriation in Bijie; Injured Villager Detained” (贵州毕节暴力征地 村民受伤被拘), March 16, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100316204309_20484.html
[xvii] “ Whistleblowers in Shanxi Vaccine Scandal Received Threat Text Message山西疫苗事件舉報者收到恐嚇短信,” March 21, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100321165117_20565.html
[xviii] “Reporter who Exposed the Shanxi Vaccine Scandal Calls for More Witnesses记者王克勤就山西疫苗 案呼吁更多的人求证真相,” March 21, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class7/201003/20100321151701_20564.html
[xix] “Two Thousand Gather for Demonstration outside of Xiantao, Hubei City Government Offices” (湖北仙桃市2000余人到市政府门前维权示威), March 22, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201003/20100322092547_20576.html
[xx] “Guangzhou Drafts Collective Bargaining Legislation for Labor Issues” (广州拟为劳动关系集体协商立法 ), March 28, 2010, http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2010-03/18/content_13201977.htm
[xxi] “QQ Groups, Microblogs, Text Messages Fall Under Police Supervision” (QQ群, 微博, 短信 将纳入警方监管), March 19, 2010, http://www.cqwb.com.cn/cqwb/html/2010-03/19/content_202611.htm
[xxii] “China’s Urban and Rural Residents to Receive Equal Representation 我国城乡居民选举首次 实现“同票同权,” March 14, 2010, http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2010-03/14/content_13174589.htm