China Human Rights Briefing April 20-26, 2009

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China Human Rights Briefing

Reporting human rights development from the grassroots

April 20-26, 2009

HIGHLIGHTS

  • More than four months after it was issued, Chinese officials continue to regard Charter 08 as a threat to their rule. On April 20, Wuxi City police arrived at the home of engineer Yan Borong (严伯荣) on the same afternoon he signed the Charter, while on April 24, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province Charter 08 signatory and teacher Song Xiangfeng (宋翔峰) was summoned by police.
  • Following the pattern of applying pressure to activists ahead of “sensitive” anniversaries, on April 22 police took Chen Xi (陈西), activist and organizer of the Guizhou Human Rights Forum, from his home and detained him for five days. Officials questioned Chen about upcoming Guizhou Human Rights Forum activities related to the 10th anniversary of the crackdown on Falun Gong on April 25 and the May Fourth Movement.
  • CHRD learned of two stories this week in which citizens were involuntarily hospitalized. On April 22, Pan Xiang, (潘翔), a Baoying County, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province activist, was kidnapped by local police and detained in Yangzhou psychiatric hospital. On April 20, Dailing District, Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province petitioner Chen Qingxia (陈庆霞), who was previously detained in a Harbin hospital, was taken to a Dailing District hospital, where she is currently held.

Contents

Countdown to June 4. 3

Democratic Activist Summoned by Police ahead of June 4. 3

Charter 08 Watch. 3

Xiaoxiang Morning Post Publishes Commentary Mentioning Charter 08. 3

Charter 08 Signatory Yan Borong Interrogated by Police. 3

Jingzhou Charter 08 Signatory Summoned. 4

Fujian Charter 08 Signatory Denied Permit to Travel to Hong Kong. 4

Persecution of Activists. 4

Guangdong Democratic Activist Summoned for Fifth Time in One Month. 4

Father of Jiangsu Guzheng Prodigy Kidnapped, Sent to Mental Institution. 4

Shanghai Activist Dies after Years of Persecution. 5

Guizhou Human Rights Forum Organizer Detained for Five Days. 5

Former Sichuan Professor Petitions Unsuccessfully to be Reinstated. 5

Shandong Land Rights Activist Attacked. 5

Persecution of Petitioners. 6

Beijing Police Detain Petitioners Seeking to Debate Sun Dongdong. 6

Fifteen Detained in Jixi Black Jail; Four Held since March. 6

Heilongjiang Petitioner Detained in Mortuary. 6

Eight Detained, One Injured as Displaced Villagers Petition in Zhejiang. 6

Wuhan Petitioner Describes Abuse in Black Jail 7

Freedom of Assembly. 7

Chongqing Residents Displaced by Three Gorges Dam Block Highway. 7

Right to a Fair Trial 7

After Nearly Six Months in Detention, Guo Quan Allowed to Meet with Lawyers for the First Time. 7

Torture and Other Cruel and Inhumane Treatment. 7

Jiangsu Province Woman Beaten During Forced Pregnancy Examination. 7

Land Rights. 8

Zhejiang Villagers Beaten for Resisting Land Appropriation. 8

Citizens’ Actions. 8

Hundreds Petition over Compensation in Chongqing. 8

Teachers Petition County Government, Weather Attempt to Incite Violence. 8

Workers Block Factory Entrance, Demand Back Pay. 8

Blogger Speaks on “Tiananmen Homeless” Relief Efforts. 9

Beijing Lawyers Issue Public Letter Calling for End to Prison Violence. 9

Law and Policy Watch. 9

China Drafts Regulations Extending Protection of Mail Privacy. 9

Chongqing Begins Crackdown on Prison Violence. 9

Countdown to June 4

Democratic Activist Summoned by Police ahead of June 4

On April 20, at around 6 in the morning, Xindu District, Chengdu City democratic activist Chen Yunfei (陈云飞) awoke to discover officers from the National Security Unit under the Xindu District PSB as well as local police waiting outside of his home. By 10 am, Chen had been taken by officers to the Xindu District police station to await a summons from the National Security Unit under the Chengdu City PSB. The policemen who summoned him never showed up, and thus Chen returned home in the evening without learning the reasons for the summons. However, it is believed that Chen’s summons was related to the approach of 20th Anniversary of the Tiananmen Massacre. Chen, a democratic activist since the events of 1989, has participated in and organized a number of activities commemorating the Tiananmen Square massacre in recent years (including publishing an advertisement commemorating the date in the Chengdu Evening News two years ago) and as a result has been subjected to police harassment and persecution, including six months of house arrest in 2008. (CHRD)[i]

Charter 08 Watch

Xiaoxiang Morning Post Publishes Commentary Mentioning Charter 08

On April 20, Xiaoxiang Morning Post (潇湘晨报), a Hunan newspaper, published a column by Peng Shitou (彭石头) entitled “The Flower of Democracy Will not Grow in Thailand’s Political Soil”, which contained a reference to Charter 08 and the goals of the drafters. Since the Charter was issued on December 9, media acknowledgement of the document has been a rare occurrence. (CHRD)[ii]

Charter 08 Signatory Yan Borong Interrogated by Police

On the afternoon of April 20, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province police arrived at the Wuxi home of Yan Borong (严伯荣), an engineer. Yan was not home at the time, so police obtained his contact information from his wife and scheduled a meeting for April 22. Yan is a member of the latest batch of signatories to Charter 08, whose names appeared online on April 20. (CHRD)[iii]

Jingzhou Charter 08 Signatory Summoned

On the morning of April 24, Jingzhou City, Hubei Province Charter 08 signatory and teacher Song Xiangfeng (宋翔峰) was summoned by police and questioned about Charter 08 and Song’s participation in “China Happy Socialist Party”. When Civil Rights and Livelihood director Liu Feiyue (刘飞跃) contacted Song by telephone while he was being questioned, National Security officers confiscated Song’s cell phone. It is unclear whether Song has been released. (CRLW)[iv]

Fujian Charter 08 Signatory Denied Permit to Travel to Hong Kong

On Apil 24, eight days after she applied for a permit to travel to Hong Kong and paid the required fees, Fujian activist and Charter 08 signatory Fan Yanqiong (范燕琼) was told by the Nanping City, Fujian Province PSB Entry-and-Exit Management Department that she was prohibited from going though entry-and-exit procedures. Staff at the department responsible for informing Fan of the decision did not provide her with a specific reason, but instead told her to contact the National Security Unit under the Nanping City PSB. When Fan called the National Security Unit, the official who answered the phone was unable to provide her with a reason for the decision. It is believed that Fan is being prohibited from leaving the country because of her support for Charter 08. After signing the Charter, National Security Unit Officers under the Nanping City PSB twice questioned Fan at her home. (CHRD)[v]

Persecution of Activists

Guangdong Democratic Activist Summoned for Fifth Time in One Month

At 9 in the morning on April 21, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province democratic activist Luo Yongquan (罗勇泉) was once again summoned by the National Security Unit under the Nanxiong County, Shaoguan City PSB. This marks the fifth time Luo has been summoned in April. Luo was warned against accepting interviews, writing articles, or participating in online discussions about political issues. The National Security police also harassed Luo’s mother, requesting her to keep a detailed record of Luo’s phone calls. (CHRD)[vi]

Father of Jiangsu Guzheng Prodigy Kidnapped, Sent to Mental Institution

Pan Xiang, (潘翔), a Baoying County, Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province activist and father of a “guzheng (a Chinese musical instrument) prodigy” was kidnapped by local police on April 22 and is currently detained in Yangzhou psychiatric hospital. According to Pan’s wife, Pan was seized while taking out the garbage at his home. Pan is not mentally ill, and he was subjected to involuntary hospitalization without the authorization of his family or a mental health evaluation conducted by independent psychiatrists, according to his wife.

On April 20 and 21, Pan hung copies of a public letter to Hu Jintao (胡锦涛) and Wen Jiabao (温家宝) on street corners in Baoying County, and as a result was placed under police surveillance. In his letter, Pan asked the authorities to provide him with a letter allegedly written by Wen Jiabao in response to an earlier letter sent by Pan in which he wrote of problems with Baoying County’s exit permit procedures, which makes it difficult for his daughter to travel abroad for performances. (CRLW)[vii]

Shanghai Activist Dies after Years of Persecution

On April 21, activist Cheng Sen (承森) died of drug-resistant tuberculosis in a Shanghai hospital. He was 53 years old. Cheng, an outspoken activist who was detained and beaten by National Security officers during the Olympics, was most recently targeted by the authorities after he protested outside the appeals trial of convicted murderer Yang Jia (杨佳). Cheng was originally employed as a government worker in the Shanghai Municipal Public Utilities Department, but was discharged in January of 1997 after he submitted a report to the Central Discipline Committee about corrupt activities of Shanghai Municipal Party leaders and National People’s Congress representative Chen Miaofa (陈妙法). For his activism, Chen was repeatedly illegally detained and beaten by Shanghai police. Fellow activists in Shanghai believed that Cheng’s illness was exacerbated, if not caused by, his mistreatment at the hands of the police (CHRD)[viii]

Guizhou Human Rights Forum Organizer Detained for Five Days

Around 2 in the afternoon on April 22, activist and organizer of the Guizhou Human Rights Forum Chen Xi (陈西) was taken from his home in Guiyang City, Guizhou Province by local police and detained at the Shixi Police Station. Chen was transferred by National Security Officers under the Yunyan District, Guiyang City PSB to the “Postal Service Resort” on the outskirts of town. Chen was held there for five days while officials questioned him about activities planned by Guizhou Human Rights Forum to commemorate “sensitive” anniversaries such as the 10th Anniversary of the crackdown on Falun Gong on April 25 and the May Fourth Movement. (CHRD)[ix]

Former Sichuan Professor Petitions Unsuccessfully to be Reinstated

On March 26, Zuo Xiaohuan (左晓环) arrived at Leshan Normal Academy in Sichuan Province, the college where he was employed as a professor before he was sent to RTL on October 3, 2007. Zuo demanded his working rights be renewed and his back wages paid. Zuo was sent to two years of RTL after Chen Lizhi (陈立志) and other staff members at the college reported that Zuo claimed “Hu Jintao will fall from power”. After two unsuccessful attempts to meet with administrators, Zuo was confronted by three security personnel and forced to leave. Zuo was also a volunteer for 64tianwang.com, a human rights monitoring website. (CHRD)[x]

Shandong Land Rights Activist Attacked

On the evening of April 5, land rights activist Han Yongcheng (韩永成), of Penshan Village, Longjiaquan Township, Yishui County, Shandong Province, was attacked and violently beaten at his home by four unidentified individuals. Han was hospitalized after suffering a broken nose and numerous injuries. Wei Xinzeng (魏新增), a neighbor of Han’s who witnessed the beating, was attacked as well. It is believed Han was targeted because of his efforts to expose the illegal occupation of villagers’ homes and the sale of village land to developers on numerous occasions in recent years. The attackers threatened to kill Han if he continued to report on land disputes in the village. (CRLW)[xi]

Persecution of Petitioners

Beijing Police Detain Petitioners Seeking to Debate Sun Dongdong

CHRD learned on April 20 that Heilongjiang petitioner Li Yuzhen (李玉珍), who sought to debate Beijing University professor Sun Dongdong (孙东东) after Sun proclaimed “99% of petitioners suffer from mental illness”, is being detained in Beijing. According to reports, Li was seized by Haidian District police on April 19 at the West Gate of Beijing University and taken to Haidian’s Zhongguan Village police station before being transferred to Ma Jia Lou. Li’s current whereabouts are unknown. Earlier, on April 17 and 18, more than 100 Shanghai petitioners were seized by police and detained at the Beijing Liaison Office of the Shanghai Municipal government before being forcibly returned to Shanghai on April 19. (CHRD)[xii]

Fifteen Detained in Jixi Black Jail; Four Held since March

CHRD learned on April 21 from a Jixi City, Heilongjiang Province petitioner surnamed Liu that 15 petitioners are currently detained in the Changshoushanzhuang “Resort” near the Tuanshanzi Bridge Toll Station in Didao District, Jixi City, a black jail. Liu was intercepted in Beijing by interceptors from Jixi City and forcibly returned on March 3, at which point he was sent to the black jail. Liu was released on April 11 after being severely beaten, and is currently hospitalized receiving treatment for injuries sustained while detained. Jixi City officials are also known to operate a black jail in Beijing. (CHRD)[xiii]

Heilongjiang Petitioner Detained in Mortuary

On April 20, Dailing District, Yichun City, Heilongjiang Province petitioner Chen Qingxia (陈庆霞) was forcibly sent back to Dailing District from Harbin by officials from the Dailing District Letters and Visits Office and PSB. Chen, who was receiving treatment in a Harbin hospital, is now being detained in an empty room in the mortuary of Dailing District’s Workers’ Hospital. Chen was originally intercepted in Beijing on April 24, 2007, where she was petitioning because her husband developed a mental illness as a result of repeated detention. In the process, her son was lost, and to avoid responsibility, officials have now detained Chen for close to two years. (CHRD)[xiv]

Eight Detained, One Injured as Displaced Villagers Petition in Zhejiang

On the morning of April 22, a group of more than 100 displaced villagers from Shanxiajin Village, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province gathered to petition at the Taiping Neighborhood government offices in hopes that officials would resolve their complaints over the lack of social security after their land was taken by the Wenling City government. The villagers also protested the fact that their land, which was appropriated for a road improvement project, was later opened up to property developers. City government officials dispatched more than 50 police officers, while the Taiping Neighborhood government sent between 70 and 80 workers to disperse the petitioners. Eight villagers were detained, while one, 69-year old Li Xianglian (李香连), was injured. The detained villagers were later released. (CRLW)[xv]

Wuhan Petitioner Describes Abuse in Black Jail

On April 22, CHRD learned the story of Hu Deyu (胡德宇) a veteran petitioner from Jianghan District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, who was detained in a Jianghan District “legal education class” (a type of black jail) from March 2 until after the annual sessions of the NPC and the CPPCC had concluded. Hu described being mistreated during her most recent detention, saying she was forced to go on a hunger strike after being tormented and denied medical attention for a variety of problems including leg pain, diarrhea, and coughing fits. Hu reported that she was detained without any legal procedure and that her family was never notified of her detention. This was the third occasion on which Hu has been detained by Wuhan officials. (CRLW)[xvi]

Freedom of Assembly

Chongqing Residents Displaced by Three Gorges Dam Block Highway

On April 22, more than 200 residents of Houba Town, Kai County, Chongqing, blocked traffic on Kai County’s Shilong Highway Bridge, unveiling a banner protesting inadequate compensation being offered to citizens forced to move as Houba Town is flooded by the reservoir created behind the Three Gorges Dam. Between 200 and 300 armed police and PSB officers arrived on the scene and violently dispersed the crowd, beating and detaining a number of protestors. Zou Caixue (邹才学), a 70-year old protestor, and two others were hospitalized. Lian Hegang (连和刚), her brother’s son, and another protestor were seized and taken away. The rest of the crowd was directed towards the Kai County government offices, where representative began talks with officials. (CRLW)[xvii]

Right to a Fair Trial

After Nearly Six Months in Detention, Guo Quan Allowed to Meet with Lawyers for the First Time

After nearly half a year in detention, Nanjing democratic activist and dissident Guo Quan (郭泉) was finally allowed to meet with his lawyer, Guo Lianhui (郭莲辉), on April 15. When another lawyer representing Guo, Li Heping (李和平), arrived in Nanjing the next day, however, he was once again barred from meeting his client as officials from the procuratorate informed Li that Guo’s case had already been returned to the Nanjing PSB for additional investigation. According to Guo Lianhui, Guo Quan’s state of mind remains strong. Guo, who is detained on “suspicion of subverting state power”, reports that he was interrogated 33 times in the past six months. (CHRD)[xviii]

Torture and Other Cruel and Inhumane Treatment

Jiangsu Province Woman Beaten During Forced Pregnancy Examination

On April 19, Qingyang Town, Sihong County, Jiangsu Province woman Chen Wei (陈魏) was roughly handed on the way to a pregnancy test and then beaten by staff members of the town family planning bureau. Chen, who was picked up at her home by a car sent by the neighborhood committee after officials grew concerned she would not get tested before an April 20 deadline, was restrained and verbally assaulted en route before being attacked and violently beaten at the family planning offices by two staff members, a young man named Ceng Saisai (曾赛赛) and a fat man whose name is unknown. A number of male staff members then remained in the room while Chen was roughly examined by female staffers. Chen’s husband Gong Hengyuan (龚恒源) reported the incident to the police on April 19, but an investigation only began on April 24. (CHRD)[xix]

Land Rights

Zhejiang Villagers Beaten for Resisting Land Appropriation

On the morning of April 20, a group of between seventy and eighty villagers resisting land appropriation in Xiaosanpan Village, Dongtou County, Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province were attacked by between thirty and forty hired thugs, and at least 3 were injured. According to villager Lu Ailuan (吕爱銮), when the villagers arrived to block construction from taking place on the disputed site, a large number of police and 6 police vehicles were already present on the scene. The thugs, at the direction of construction managers, attacked the villagers with stones and shovels while police looked on. (CRLW)[xx]

Citizens’ Actions

Hundreds Petition over Compensation in Chongqing

At around 9 in the morning on April 22, a group of more than 200 former grain processing workers from Chongqing Municipality gathered to petition at the offices of the Liangyou Group, asking management to address their complaints after they were forced to accept buyouts without proper compensation. The petitioners were part of a larger group of thousands of employees laid off by the company, who were given different amounts of money at different times between 1996 and 2003. Rather than meeting company officials, however, the petitioners were received by officials from the Beifu District government and the Beifu District Letters and Visits Bureau, as well as 2 or 3 National Security officers, who advised the group to leave. (CHRD)[xxi]

Teachers Petition County Government, Weather Attempt to Incite Violence

On the morning of April 20, a group of hundreds of dismissed community-run (minban) schoolteachers began to gather outside of the Gongan County, Hubei Province government offices to petition. At 1 pm, the nonviolent protest threatened to grow chaotic as a man who identified himself as a vocational school teacher attacked Li Lancheng (李兰成), one of the protestors. Teachers subdued the attacker, who was later identified as Bie Fuhua (别伏华), a local criminal, and handed him over to police. Some believe he was hired by government officials to incite the teachers to violence, in hopes of giving the police an excuse to move in. Order was restored among the protestors, and by 5 pm, their ranks had swelled to close to 600 teachers. The assembled teachers marched through the courtyard and hallways of the government offices, and finally dispersed after government officials, having met with representatives of the teachers, promised to address their complaints by the end of the week. (CHRD)[xxii]

Workers Block Factory Entrance, Demand Back Pay

On April 20, a group of 150 workers blockaded the entrance to the Zhenhuayuan factory in Changan Town, Dongguan City, Guangdong Province after factory officials failed to provide back wages due to the workers. The factory, which went bankrupt and is now closed, has not paid the workers since February. While a group of workers travelled to the Changan Labor Bureau to report on the situation, others blockaded the entrance to the factory along with members of the Shangsha Village Committee Law and Order Corps to prevent the removal of any factory equipment. (CRLW)[xxiii]

Blogger Speaks on “Tiananmen Homeless” Relief Efforts

On April 25, Chuanzhixing, a Beijing-based NGO, held a lecture on “Tiananmen Homeless’ Aid Activities” during which well-known blogger Laohumiao (老虎庙) detailed his efforts to aid the homeless since discovering their plight two years ago. Laohumiao, who helped the homeless built a cheap shelter on the outskirts of Beijing, called on the audience to pay attention to the suffering of the Tiananmen homeless and continue to aid in ongoing support efforts. (CHRD) [xxiv]

Beijing Lawyers Issue Public Letter Calling for End to Prison Violence

In response to a rash of recent cases involving deaths of inmates in detention facilities, Beijing lawyer Li Xiongbing (黎雄兵) and a group of more than 20 other lawyers issued a public letter on April 26 calling for an end to the long-standing practice of prison guards and management using inmates to tyrannize other inmates. The letter called for relevant authorities to conduct a thorough examination of prison facilities and practices and at the same time to allow media to conduct independent investigations and report on conditions, with the ultimate goal of implementing concrete steps to end violent attacks by inmates. The letter, which is currently collecting signatures from the public, is available here. (CHRD)[xxv]

Law and Policy Watch

China Drafts Regulations Extending Protection of Mail Privacy

On April 22, the National People’s Congress Legal Committee delivered its report on a revised draft of the Postal Service Law to the People’s Congress Standing Committee, suggesting that the Standing Committee consider adopting the draft law. Among the revisions to the law is an article which states that “no individual from any work unit” may open, conceal, or dispose of another person’s mail, extending the protection of privacy from previous versions. Given the number of methods by which police and other authorities routinely violate the citizens’ right to privacy, however, it is unclear whether this new law will have any impact. (China News)[xxvi]

Chongqing Begins Crackdown on Prison Violence

According to a Legal Daily report, Chongqing municipal political and legal officials held a teleconference on April 24 to discuss the findings of a recent investigation by the Chongqing Procuratorate of 65 Chongqing detention facilities. According to the investigation, “some” facilities still have problems with proper law enforcement, so-called “prison bullies” who attack other inmates or detainees at the behest of guards, and public prosecutors who have yet to take seriously their responsibility to supervise prison management. As a result, officials announced all prisons, RTL camps, detention centers and other such facilities will undergo a period of reform lasting until September, focusing on ending prison violence. When incidents occur, leaders and individuals responsible will be investigated. (Legal Daily)[xxvii]

Editors: Wang Songlian and David Smalls


[i] “Democratic Activist Chen Yunfei Summoned by National Security (民主人士陈云飞已被国保控制)”, April 20, 2009. https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090420115253_15031.html

[ii] “‘Charter 08’ Missing from Public View; ‘Freedom of Speech’ Becomes a Hot Topic (“零八宪章”难入公共视野 “言论自由”成为热议话题)”, April 21, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/lingbaxianzhang/200904/20090421131433_15056.html

[iii] “Yan Borong, Member of the 13th Group of Signatories to ‘Charter 08’, Interrogated by Police (第十三批《零八宪章》签署人严伯荣遭警方讯问)”, April 24, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/lingbaxianzhang/200904/20090424234955_15125.html

[iv] “Jingzhou, Hubei ‘Charter 08’ Signatory Song Xiangfeng Summoned (湖北荆州《零八宪章》联署人宋翔峰被传唤)”, April 25, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/lingbaxianzhang/200904/20090425093009_15128.html

[v] “Fujian ‘Charter 08’ Signatory Fan Yanqiong Forbidden From Leaving Country (福建《零八宪章》签署人范燕琼被禁止出境)”, April 24, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/lingbaxianzhang/200904/20090424205417_15123.html

[vi] “Guangdong Democratic Activist Summoned for the Fifth Time This Month (广东民运人士罗勇泉本月第五次被传唤)”, April 21, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090421171447_15063.html

[vii] “Father of Jiangsu Guqin Prodigy Kidnapped, Sent to Mental Institution (江苏古筝“小神童”之父潘翔被绑送精神病院)”, April 22, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090422201822_15088.html

[viii] “Shanghai Activist Cheng Sen Dies After Bearing Persecution (上海维权人士承森在承受多方迫害后去世)”, April 23, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090423164443_15104.html

[ix] “Story of Guizhou Human Rights Activist Chen Xi’s Detention (贵州人权捍卫者陈西被囚记)”, April 27, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090427223327_15155.html

[x] “Famous Dissident, Leshan Normal Academy Professor Zuo Xiaohuan Foiled in Working Rights Negotiations; Important Test for ‘Human Rights Action Plan’ (四川著名异议人士、乐山师范学院教师左晓环交涉工作权 遇阻,《国家人权行动计划》遭遇考验)”, April 22, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090422230029_15092.html

[xi] “Shandong Activist Villager Han Yongcheng Beaten; Wuhan’s Hu Deyu Recounts ‘Black Jail’ Experience (山东维权农民韩永成被暴打 武汉胡德宇述说“黑监狱”)”, April 22, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090422090251_15074.html

[xii] “Petitioner Prevented from Debating Sun Dongdong, Detained (前往北大找孙东东论理的访民继续被抓押)”, April 20, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090420171410_15039.html

[xiii] “Long After Two Meetings, Jixi City Black Jail Continues to Detain a Large Group of Petitioners (两会早已结束,鸡西市“黑监狱”仍关押着大批访民不放)”, April 21, 2009. https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090421155232_15058.html

[xiv] “Chen Qingxia Sent Back to Dailing, Detained in Mortuary (陈庆霞被送回带岭关入太平间)”, April 21, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090421204443_15066.html

[xv] “One Hundred Villagers Petition Shanxiajin Village, Wenling City, Zhejiang Province Government; Petitioners Beaten, Detained (浙江省温岭市山下金村百余村民政府上访被打被抓)”, April 22, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090422201933_15089.html

[xvi] Shandong Activist Villager Han Yongcheng Beaten; Wuhan’s Hu Deyu Recounts ‘Black Jail’ Experience (山东维权农民韩永成被暴打 武汉胡德宇述说“黑监狱”)”, April 22, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090422090251_15074.html

[xvii] “Protest of Hundreds of Migrant Workers in Chongqing Ends in Beatings, Detentions (重庆开县数百移民堵路抗议招致殴打抓捕)”, April 22, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090422173528_15084.html

[xviii] “Guo Quan Meets With Lawyers, Case Already Returned to PSB for Additional Material (郭泉终得律师会见,案卷已经退回公安补充材料)”, April 21, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090421132429_15057.html

[xix] “Sihong County, Jiangsu Province Family Planning Bureau Carries out Violent Pregnancy Tests (江苏泗洪县计生部门暴力孕检)”, April 25, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090425150109_15135.html

[xx] “Xiaosanpan Villagers Beaten for Defending Land Rights, Many Injured (温州小三盘村民护地维权起冲突多人被打伤)”, April 20, 2009. https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090420172924_15037.html

[xxi] “More than 200 Laid-Off Grain Processing Workers Protest in Chongqing (重庆粮食系统买断职工200多人上访)”, April 22, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090422232907_15095.html.

[xxii] “Did the Gongan County, Hubei Province Government Hire a Man to Attack Teachers Defending their Rights? (湖北省公安县政府雇凶殴打维权教师?)”, April 21, 2009. https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090421234030_15068.html

[xxiii] “Dongguan Zhenhuayuan Factory Folds in Crisis; Hundred Workers Left Unpaid (东莞振华园巨一厂危机中倒下 百余员工被欠薪)”, April 21, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090421164223_15062.html

[xxiv] “Laohumiao Lectures on “Tiananmen Refugee Aid” Before Standing-Room Only Crowd (老虎庙讲“天安门流民救助”,连地上都坐满了听众)”, April 26, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/200904/20090426191843_15143.html

[xxv] “Citizens’ Suggestions On Completely Banning ‘Prison Bullies’ in Chinese Jails (关于禁绝中国监狱牢头狱霸现象之公民建议书), April 26, 2009, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class71/200904/20090426103042_15139.html

[xxvi] “China Stipulates No Individual from Any Work Unit May Open Another’s Mail (我国拟规定任何单位个人不得私自开拆他人邮件)”, April 22, 2009, http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-04-22/201715510114s.shtml

[xxvii] “Chongqing Begins Crackdown on Prison Bullies Today; Responsibility to be Questioned at Incident Sites (重庆今起严打牢头狱霸 监管场所发生安全事故将问责)”, April 25, 2009, http://www.legaldaily.com.cn/0801/2009-04/25/content_1082632.htm

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