China Human Rights Briefings January 23-29, 2010
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January 23-29, 2010
Headlines
Freedom of Expression
- “China Public Watchdog Net” Attacked by Hackers
- Five Chinese Activist Web sites Attacked by Hackers
Legal Rights
- Update: Anti-Discrimination Lawsuit against Family Planning Bureau to Be Heard Next Thursday
- Guangzhou Court Hears Lawsuit from Lawyer Deprived of License
Arbitrary Detention
- Disappeared Shenzhen Activist Guo Yongfeng May Have Been Sent to RTL
- Health of Imprisoned Chongqing Dissident Xu Wanping Worsens
- Imprisoned Activist Duan Chunfang Meets with Family for First Time as Health Declines
- Guangxi Police Detain Five in Dispute over Suspicious Death of Teenager
- Petitioners Harassed as People’s Congress, People’s Political Consultative Conference Meet
- Hunan Village Representative Arrested for Complaining about Local Corruption
- Hubei Petitioners Detained Four Months in Psychiatric Institution
- Guangxi Petitioners Sent to One Year of RTL for “Abnormal Petitioning”
- Longtime Xi’an Petitioner Seized by Police
Harassment of Activists
- Guangzhou Internet Activist Bei Feng Questioned for Five Hours by Local Officials
- Beijing Activist Liu Anjun Prevented from Leaving Home to Assist Petitioners
- Shenzhen Writer Zhao Dagong Released
Forced Demolition and Eviction
- Chengdu Residents Attacked and Beaten by Demolition Workers
- Dozens Injured and Detained in Violent Clash between Police and Villagers in Guangxi
Right to Education
- Nine Schools for Children of Migrant Workers Set to Be Demolished in Beijing’s Chaoyang District
Freedom of Assembly
- Update: Trial for Chengdu Protestors Delayed Indefinitely
Citizens’ Actions
- Hundreds Sign Letter Protesting Detention of Three Fujian Netizens
Law and Policy Watch
- Beijing Announces “Crackdown” on Liaison Offices to Prevent Corruption
Freedom of Expression
“China Public Watchdog Net” Attacked by Hackers
On January 27, “China Public Watchdog Net” (www.cnyulun.com) became the latest website run by a Chinese activist to be hacked. According to website manager Li Xinde (李新德), the site has been out of service for the past three days. Li added that the site has suffered these sorts of attacks on at least 10 occasions in the past, and believes them to be the work of individuals or officials who were criticized by the site. A sister website, www.yuluncn.org, which is hosted overseas, is operating normally. (CHRD)[i]
Five Chinese Activist Web sites Attacked by Hackers
The websites of Chinese Human Rights Defenders (CHRD), Independent Chinese PEN (ICPC), New Century News, Canyu, and Civil Rights and Livelihood Watch (CRLW) were attacked by hackers of unknown origin between January 23 and 24. A DDOS (distributed denial of service) attack paralyzed CHRD’s website by consuming its server’s resources, leaving the server unable to respond to instructions from computers of legitimate users and rendering the site inaccessible. According to CHRD’s internet service provider, the frequency of the attack was the most intense the ISP had ever experienced. Because the hackers used fake IP addresses, CHRD has been unable to locate its source; an IT expert associated CHRD believes that, due to the physical requirements necessary to launch such an attack, it was likely beyond the capacity of “ordinary Chinese hackers.” (CHRD)[ii]
Legal Rights
Update: Anti-Discrimination Lawsuit against Family Planning Bureau to Be Heard Next Thursday
CHRD has learned that the hearing date for an administrative litigation lawsuit brought by Wang Ying (王莹) against the Quanshan District Family Planning Bureau has been set for February 4 at 9 AM. Wang, a former lawyer, was barred from obtaining a civil service position by the Tongshan County government on the grounds that she had violated family planning regulations by having a child before marriage. Her case, which will be heard in the Quanshan District Court in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, has already drawn a great deal of attention domestically. (CHRD)[iii]
Guangzhou Court Hears Lawsuit from Lawyer Deprived of License
On the morning of January 25, the Yuexiu District Court in Guangzhou heard an administrative lawsuit brought by Guangzhou human rights lawyer Liu Shihui (刘士辉) against the Guangzhou Municipal Bureau of Justice over the Bureau’s decision to suspend his lawyers’ license. The hearing, which lasted for more than five hours, concluded without a verdict. According to Liu, he was able to fully present his case, and the hearing was open; more than 10 supporters of Liu’s were able to attend. Liu’s license was suspended for six months at the end of September, 2009, following an August 12, 2009 decision by the Guangzhou Municipal Bureau of Justice. It is believed that officials at the Bureau of Justice were retaliating against Liu for his defense of sensitive rights cases, including that of Guo Feixiong (郭飞雄), and for his efforts on behalf of Guo to draw the attention of officials to the death of an imprisoned Falun Gong practitioner whom Guo believed was beaten to death by a prison guard. Liu filed his suit on December 23, 2009; according to reports, it will be two months before the court issues a verdict. (CHRD)[iv]
Arbitrary Detention
Disappeared Shenzhen Activist Guo Yongfeng May Have Been Sent to RTL
Friends of Shenzhen activist Guo Yongfeng (郭永丰), who has been missing for over four months, believe that he has been sent to 18 months of detention in a Re-education through Labor (RTL) camp. According to the friends, the information comes from a contact within the local Public Security Bureau. Guo’s family, under pressure from police, has so far remained silent about what they know or whether they have received official notice regarding Guo’s suspected detention. National Security officers contacted by Guo’s friends would neither confirm nor deny that Guo had been sent to RTL. Guo, a democracy activist and organizer of the Citizens’ Association for Government Oversight (公民监政会), was last seen on the morning of September 18, 2009. On that day, he left his home and travelled to the local police station, where he had been called in for questioning. (CHRD)[v]
Health of Imprisoned Chongqing Dissident Xu Wanping Worsens
CHRD has learned from Chen Xianying (陈贤英), wife of imprisoned Chongqing dissident Xu Wanping (许万平), that Xu is in poor health and seeking release on bail for medical treatment. During a January 19 meeting between Chen and Xu at Chongqing’s Yuzhou prison, Chen learned that her husband suffers from severe back pain and has lost two teeth, and she suspects that he may have additional ailments which he did not reveal to her. Xu, a 49 year-old veteran democracy activist, has been imprisoned and detained on numerous occasions since 1989. He is currently serving a 12-year sentence for “inciting subversion of state power” handed down on December 24, 2005. (CHRD)[vi]
Imprisoned Activist Duan Chunfang Meets with Family for First Time as Health Declines
Imprisoned Shanghai activist Duan Chunfang (段春芳) was finally granted a visit with her mother, husband, and brother on the afternoon of January 27, the first meeting with family she has been allowed since being sentenced to prison on October 23, 2009. According to Duan’s husband, Duan’s mental health remains strong, but her vision has rapidly deteriorated in the 6 months she has been detained, and he is worried that she may be increasingly ill in detention. Duan reported that prison officials have refused to take her to a hospital for an examination despite complaints of constant headaches and back pain, and they have likewise refused to provide her with medication. Duan was sentenced to a year and a half in prison for “obstructing official business” after police alleged she attacked a police officer. It is believed that Duan’s conviction and sentence stems from efforts by officials to punish her for persistent petitioning and organizing other petitioners to defend their rights. (CHRD)[vii]
Guangxi Police Detain Five in Dispute over Suspicious Death of Teenager
During the night of December 8, 2009, a 16 year-old from Xing’an County, Guangxi Province named Wei Feixiang (韦飞翔) collapsed at a local karaoke parlor and was brought to a nearby hospital, where he was pronounced dead. When family members learned of his death, they took his corpse from the hospital to the karaoke parlor, demanding to see surveillance video from that night. The owner refused to provide this footage or give an explanation; when the family remained on the scene, police arrived to intervene and, on the morning of December 10, over 100 officers seized 32 of the boy’s relatives and forcibly removed his corpse from the premises. Wei’s mother was injured in the scuffle with police, and his father as well as four other individuals were administratively detained for 15 days. CHRD learned on January 26 that the family had been pressured by police to consent to the cremation of Wei’s body, and that he was set to be cremated on January 27. (CHRD)[viii]
Petitioners Harassed as People’s Congress, People’s Political Consultative Conference Meet
As delegates to provincial People’s Congresses and People’s Political Consultative Conferences gather in meeting rooms across the country, CHRD has begun to receive reports of petitioners detained or harassed for attempting to present their grievances to these officials. For example:
- Zhang Dean (张德安), from Liuchang Village, Qianjiang City, Hubei Province, has had her freedom of movement restricted by local police since the morning of January 25. Zhang was met outside her home by police while en route to Wuhan, the capital of Hubei; after being forced into a police car and driven into the Qianjiang City, Zhang was accompanied on board a train by two police officers. When she arrived in Wuhan, the accompanying officers would not permit her to petition: instead, they forced her to check into a hotel and threatened to detain her for the duration of the meetings if she attempted to petition.
- In Xi’an, Shaanxi, hundreds of petitioners from across the province gathered outside the building where the Provincial People’s Congress was meeting on January 26. They found the sidewalk completely blocked by police, and when they moved instead to the Shaanxi Letters and Visits Office nearby, they were also met by large numbers of police and interceptors. One eyewitness at the scene reported seeing six or seven petitioners seized over the course of one hour. (CHRD)[ix]
Hunan Village Representative Arrested for Complaining about Local Corruption
On January 26, CHRD learned that the Huayuan County, Hunan Province Procuratorate has approved the arrest of Long Xiuhui (龙秀辉), who has been detained for over one month after being seized in Beijing. Long, who has been petitioning for more than 10 years on behalf of his fellow villagers about local corruption, was detained in a Beijing black jail for 11 days before being returned to Huayuan County. Once back, he was held for 21 days in the Huayuan County Detention House before officials approved his arrest on charges of “slander” and transferred him to the Huayuan County Detention Center, where he is currently detained. (CHRD)[x]
Hubei Petitioners Detained Four Months in Psychiatric Institution
As of January 26, sisters Jin Hanyan (金汉艳) and Jin Hanqin (金汉琴), of Shiyan City, Hubei Province, have been detained in psychiatric institutions for more than four months. The two travelled to Beijing to petition about local corruption and police harassment on August 27, 2009, and on September 18, they were seized by Shiyan police and government officials and forcibly returned to Shiyan. After being detained separately for four days, on September 22 they were taken to the Huanglong Pyschiatric Hospital in Shiyan. The sisters, who are now detained in the Red Cross Hospital and the Shiyan City Psychiatric Hospital, respectively, learned from doctors that local officials were currently planning to use public insurance funds to pay for the sisters’ hospital bills. Psychiatric institutions are routinely used to detain petitioners as no judicial proceedings, or independent mental health evaluations, are required to admit individuals to these hospitals. (CHRD)[xi]
Guangxi Petitioners Sent to One Year of RTL for “Abnormal Petitioning”
CHRD has learned that on December 28, 2009, five petitioners from Liuzhou, Guangxi—Min Jihui (民继惠), Zhong Ruihua (钟瑞华), Zeng Zhaokuang (曾昭旷), Li Chunfen (李春芬), and Huang Huiyue (黄惠月)—were sent to one year of Re-education through Labor (RTL) for “abnormal petitioning.” Zhong’s family said the five petitioners visited Beijing multiple times to voice their complaints about unfair compensation for expropriated land, forced demolition of their homes, and subsequent illegal detention. The family added that more people in Liuzhou, including elderly citizens in their eighties, have been beaten, abducted, detained, or put under house arrest for petitioning. The written decision to send Zhong to RTL claimed that she had repeatedly voiced her complaints in districts in Beijing that were off-limits to petitioners. The five petitioners plan to appeal for administrative review or proceed directly to administrative litigation. (CHRD)[xii]
Longtime Xi’an Petitioner Seized by Police
On the morning of January 24, a group of petitioners gathered outside the Zhangbagou Hotel in Xi’an, Shaanxi in hopes of presenting their petitions to members of the Shaanxi Provincial People’s Political Consultative Conference meeting inside. Between 40 and 50 plainclothes police were stationed outside of the building, and a number of police cars were parked nearby. A group of these officers seized veteran petitioner Zhang Dalian (张大联) and roughly forced her into a waiting vehicle. Fellow petitioners reported that they were unable to contact Zhang following the incident; her whereabouts are currently unknown. Zhang has been petitioning since her husband, Zuo Mingwei (左明炜) was beaten to death in April 2009, allegedly by hired thugs under the direction of a property management company with which the couple had been in a dispute. (CHRD)[xiii]
Harassment of Activists
Guangzhou Internet Activist Bei Feng Questioned for Five Hours by Local Officials
On the morning of January 25, Guangzhou internet activist Wen Yunchao (aka Bei Feng [北风]) was taken in for questioning for approximately five hours by National Security officers. Wen was approached by police when he stopped by to observe the ongoing protests by Guangzhou citizens over the Likeng garbage incinerator (for more information on that case, please see here) on his way to meet Guangzhou lawyer Liu Shihui (刘士辉) following Liu’s court hearing that morning. Because of the interrogation, which focused on the Likeng protest, Wen was unable to meet with Liu. The authorities have placed increasing pressure on Wen in recent weeks; he was summoned for questioning twice in December, and recently forbidden from leaving the country. (CHRD)[xiv]
Beijing Activist Liu Anjun Prevented from Leaving Home to Assist Petitioners
On the morning of January 23, Beijing activist Liu Anjun (刘安军) was prevented from leaving his home by two national security officers. Liu, who had planned to help deliver food to petitioners in need, was told by the officers that they were given “orders from above” not to allow him out. Though Liu could not take part in the relief efforts, other volunteers still delivered food to more than 400 petitioners. Liu and other volunteers have helped more than 5,000 petitioners in the past three months by providing food and clothing for those with little means to survive in the capital. (CHRD)[xv]
Shenzhen Writer Zhao Dagong Released
Zhao Dagong (赵达功), secretary-general of the Independent Chinese PEN (ICPC) and member of the first group of Charter 08 signatories, was released on January 26. Zhao was seized by the police on January 11. The reasons for Zhao’s detention remain unclear but it is believed that he was interrogated for his role in organizing ICPC and Charter 08. (CHRD)
Forced Demolition and Eviction
Chengdu Residents Attacked and Beaten by Demolition Workers
On the evening of January 22, demolition and eviction office employees violently beat and injured three residents of a housing complex in Jinjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan. According to residents of the complex, the demolition workers have been harassing and threatening them since the beginning of October 2009; on January 22, residents called the police on three occasions, but no officers were present when a group of close to 20 thugs pulled one resident out of his home and violently beat him in the street. Two neighbors who attempted to come to his aid were also violently beaten. Police and emergency workers arrived on the scene and took the three to a local hospital. According to residents, they have continued to suffer harassment and threats in the days following the incident. (CHRD)[xvi]
Dozens Injured and Detained in Violent Clash between Police and Villagers in Guangxi
CHRD learned that on the morning of January 18, a violent clash broke out between armed police and villagers resisting the forced seizure of their land in Pingle County, Guangxi Province. According to eyewitness reports and interviews with local hospital workers, more than 20 villagers were treated for injuries, and four or five remain hospitalized. Between 20 and 30 villagers were detained. When hundreds of armed police arrived in Weijiangjia Village on January 18 along with government officials, they were met by more than 200 villagers who had not been compensated for the land about to be seized. The police fired teargas, attempted to disperse the crowd and used batons to beat villagers. Police broke into the home of one local resident who was photographing the scene from his room, demanding his camera and destroying some of the family’s property. Police blocked roads out of the village following the clash to prevent residents from going to internet cafes to post pictures of the violence online. Local officals contacted by CHRD claimed they were unclear on the facts of the incident or refused outright to discuss it, and state-run media has not reported on the incident. (CHRD)[xvii]
Right to Education
Nine Schools for Children of Migrant Workers Set to Be Demolished in Beijing’s Chaoyang District
CHRD learned on the afternoon of January 28 that at least 6000 children of migrant workers in Beijing’s Chaoyang District may not have schools to return to following winter vacation. Nine schools set up for these children in Chaoyang are scheduled to be demolished by February 28; a group of 20 school and kindergarten principals who gathered outside of the Beijing Municipal Government offices on Thursday stated that officials had yet to present a plan for teachers and students following the demolitions. The schools are currently in rental properties in an area to be demolished and cleared for commercial development. One principal who spoke with CHRD said he was “not optimistic,” noting that Chaoyang District officials had already told the principals to bring their complaints to city officials, who advised them to pursue a solution “through the legal system.” Although government policies makes it clear that children of migrant workers must be admitted by state-run schools, in practice they are often denied seats in these schools and their education is dependent on schools for migrant children run by non-governmental organizations. (CHRD)[xviii]
Freedom of Assembly
Update: Trial for Chengdu Protestors Delayed Indefinitely
Recently, CHRD reported on preparations for a February 1 trial of ten protestors and activists arrested following a protest in February 2009 outside of the Chengdu Intermediate Court. We have now learned from a lawyer for one of the defendants that, “due to unforeseen events,” the trial has been postponed. A new date is yet to be set. The ten defendants—Bao Junsheng (鲍俊生), Huang Xiaomin (黄晓敏), Xing Qingxian (幸清贤), Lu Daqun (陆大椿), Yan Wenhan (严文汉), Zeng Rongkang (曾荣康), and four others—have been charged with “assembling a crowd to disrupt social order” for chaining themselves together to protest what they believed to be unfair rulings handed down by the court over the years. The protest drew widespread media attention at the time, and some observers believe that the delay in the trial is an effort by court officials to limit the number of supporters who will be able to attend. (CHRD)[xix]
Citizens’ Actions
Hundreds Sign Letter Protesting Detention of Three Fujian Netizens
On the morning of January 20, Zhu Chengzhi (朱承志), a human rights activist from Yunnan Province, delivered a protest letter to the Beijing Liaison Office of the Fujian Provincial Government. The letter, signed by hundreds of netizens and addressed to the Fuzhou People’s Congress, protested against the extended detention of Fan Yanqiong (范燕琼), You Jingyou (游精佑), and Wu Huaying (吴华英). Fan, You, and Wu were charged with making false accusations after the three posted articles online in which they accused local officials of misconduct in handling the suspicious death of Yan Xiaoling (严晓玲). Previous letters to Fujian People’s Congress from the family of the accused were returned unopened. (CHRD)[xx]
Law and Policy Watch
Beijing Announces “Crackdown” on Liaison Offices to Prevent Corruption
According to a China Daily article dated January 25, the central government has ordered close 5,000 liaison offices of county-level governments in Beijing. These offices have “unclear functions and inadequate supervision” and are hotbeds for corruption, according to the central government. Liaison offices of provincial governments would be unaffected while those of city-level governments would be re-evaluated and would need the approval of higher authorities if they were to remain in the capital. However, the same article quoted experts who said that the order would be met with much resistance, as these offices fulfill “necessary” functions. One of such functions is to maintain “the stability of Beijing by communicating and pacifying local people who come to the capital to appeal to higher authorities”—a euphemist phrase for the practice of illegal interception of petitioners. (China Daily)[xxi]
Editors: Jenn Ling, David Smalls and Lin Sang
News updates from CHRD: https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class9/Class10/Index.html
Reining in Civil Society: The Chinese government’s use of laws and regulations to persecute freedom of association
https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class9/Class11/200908/20090810214902_16733.html
CHRD Yearbook 2007-2008: https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class9/Class11/200808/20080807093200_9888.html
[i] “’China Public Watchdog Net’ Once Again Hacked” (中国舆论监督网再遭“黑客”攻击), January 27, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100127135216_19654.html
[ii] “Five Chinese Activists Websites Attacked by Hackers,” January 25, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class9/Class10/201001/20100125160522_19612.html
[iii] “Wang Ying’s ‘Babygate’ Suit to Be Heard Next Thursday” (王莹“婚育门”诉讼下周四开庭), January 29, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100129202054_19685.html
[iv] “Hearing of Lawyer Liu Shihui’s Suit against Guangzhou Bureau of Justice Ends without Verdict” (刘 士辉律师诉广州市司法局案未当庭宣判), January 25, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100126001705_19619.html, see also: “Lawsuit by Guangzhou Lawyer Deprived of Professional License Heard Today” (广州律师被剥夺执业资格案今日开庭), January 25, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100125232727_19617.html
[v] “Shenzhen Activist Guo Yongfeng Sent to Re-education through Labor” (深圳维权人士郭永丰被劳教), January 29, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100129163709_19681.html
[vi] “Health of Imprisoned Chongqing Dissident Xu Wanping Worsens; Family Hopes for Release on Bail for Medical Treatment” (重庆异议人士许万平狱中健康恶化 亲属盼能保外就医), January 29, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class18/Class24/201001/20100129125722_19676.html
[vii] “Shanghai Activist Duan Chunfang Rapidly Losing Sight in Prison” (上海维权人士段春芳狱中视 力急剧下降), January 27, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class18/duanchunfang/201001/20100127224219_19658.html
[viii] “Guilin Youth Dies Mysteriously; One Hundred Armed Policemen Grab Corpse” (桂林少年离奇死亡 百余警察武装抢尸), January 27, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100127000147_19645.html
[ix] “Large Numbers of Petitioners Seized outside of Shaanxi Provincial Government Letters and Visits Reception Center” (陕西省政府信访接待站门前大规模抓访民), January 26, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/fmzj/201001/20100126174639_19638.html and “Hubei Provincial People’s Congress Meets; Petitioners Placed under House Arrest” (湖北 省人大召开 访民被限制自由), January 26, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/fmzj/201001/20100126130543_19629.html
[x] “Arrest Authorized for Hunan Petitioner Long Xiuhui” (湖南访民龙秀辉被批准逮捕), January 28, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100128102130_19663.html
[xi] “Shiyan City, Hubei Province Government Illegally Uses Social Security Funds to Pay for Detention of Petitioners” (湖北十堰政府套取社保金为关押访民买单), January 26, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100126223555_19641.html
[xii] “Guangxi Petitioners Sent to One Year of RTL for ‘Abnormal Petitioning'” (广西柳州五访民因上访被劳教一年), January 24, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/fmzj/201001/20100124235834_19600.html
[xiii] “Xi’an Murder Case Victim Zhang Dalian Cruelly Seized” (西安杀人案受害者张大联被野蛮抓走), January 24, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/fmzj/201001/20100124230725_19605.html
[xiv] “Senior Guangzhou Internet Media Personality Bei Feng Summoned” (广州资深网络媒体人北风被传唤), January 25, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100125230008_19616.html
[xv] “Police Restrict Movement of Beijing Activist Liu Anjun to Prevent Him from Taking Part in Public Service Activities” (北京维权人士刘安军因阳光公益行动被限制自由), January 23, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100123104924_19581.html
[xvi] “Another Violent Forced Eviction in Chengdu Sends Victims to Hospital” (成都再现暴力拆迁致人重伤), January 26, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100126000424_19618.html
[xvii] “Guilin, Guangxi Violent Land Requisition Leads to Large-scale Clash Between Police and Villagers” (广西桂林暴力征地引发大规模警民冲突), January 26, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100126002424_19620.html
[xviii] “Special Alert: Many Beijing Migrant Worker Schools Face Demolition; 6000 Students Could Lose Classrooms” (特别关注：北京多所打工子弟学校面临强迁 6000余名学生将失学), January 28, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100128125515_19666.html
[xix] “Chengdu ‘Chaingate’ Case Trial Date Changed” (成都“链子门”案件开庭时间改期), January 27, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class53/201001/20100127224822_19659.html
[xx] “Activist Protests against Detention of Three Fujian Netizens” (维权人士抗议对福建三网民的羁押), January 20, 2010, https://www.nchrd.org/Article/Class18/fanyanqiong/201001/20100120232439_19529.html
[xxi] China Daily, “Crackdown on liaison offices,” January 25, 2010, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2010-01/25/content_9368608.htm
